OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT - Assignment Example Summary and conclusions 18 References & Appendices Abstract The present report explores operations management at a production and service organisations with an aim to understand its main constituents and approaches; in addition, an understanding of the differences between strategic approaches of production and service operations management has been obtained. To achieve this, firstly, the report explores corporate and operations strategies as well as competitive priorities of Toyota and Accenture. Practical implications along with critical perspectives of core operational processes like capacity planning inventory management, quality, supply chain management and performance management at both organisations have been explored. Lastly, implications of these processes at operations and strategic levels have been illustrated based on competitiveness, sustainability and innovation perspectives. 1. Introduction Operations management is concerned with managing the process of creating product s and services through systematic and defined procedures. On a broader level, different functions involved in operations management of production and service industry are almost same; but the way these functions are carried are very different. In order to understand the difference, the current discourse evaluates operations management processes in two distinct organisations, i.e. the automotive manufacturer Toyota and the management and technology service provider, Accenture. Their immense success and global presence have been possible because of sustainable operations besides other activities. This report attempts to highlight the core operational activities carried out at both the organisations and how these activities have added value to their successes. In this process, competitive priorities and critical operational strategies such as capacity planning, inventory management, supply chain management, performance management, and quality approaches have been assessed. These aspect s will clarify how these organisations attained competitive position in their respective markets; and what factors have lead to their immense success despite the external and internal challenges. 1.1 Operations management: Brown (2000) describes that Operations Management involves the most critical activities of production, beginning from and including, planning and design, production processes of goods and services, and also effective integration of marketing, finance, human resources management and strategy in order to enable a business to enter and compete with both new and existing markets. In other words, a business’s success and sustainability largely depend on the operational capabilities, including efficiency and quality. These factors have been mastered by both the organisations to a large extent. Theoretically, operations management in manufacturing and service industries constitute a combination of three distinct functions, strategic functions, tactical functions a nd operational planning and control functions (Chase, 2006). Main operational processes include planning, production, purchasing or inventory management, supply chain management, distribution and marketing. Toyota and Accenture perform these processes distinctly as aligned with different competitive prior

Drugs and Aging Essay Example for Free

Drugs and Aging Essay Over the years, the medical world has conducted various studies and researches about the effects of drug abuse on health. Drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, opium, morphine, and heroine are just some of the most commonly abused drugs that could also cause serious health problems such as heart attacks, brain damage, cancer, liver disease, impotence, and even HIV/AIDS. Apart from these conditions, substance abuse can also greatly affect an individual’s aging process (Anderson 432). According to studies, drugs have a great effect on a person’s aging process. It particularly targets and damages important body organ such as the heart, brain, and liver. Researches also suggest that drug abuse also alters and impedes the function of these organs which in turn exacerbates the aging process. The aging however, dies not stop with the internal organs. Instead, it also manifests on the person’s physical or outer appearance. Almost all drugs produce a certain side effect on the body’s aging course. However, substances such as nicotine, cocaine, and alcohol are three of the most abused drugs that deteriorate the body’s natural vitality (Anderson 432). Nicotine is said to be one of the top substances that rapidly ages and harms the body. It is a type of alkaloid found in the Solanaceae plant family. It is present and widely taken in the form of cigarettes and tobacco. When smoked, this substance blends in with the blood which in turn passes through the lungs and the brain. It only takes a few seconds before its chemicals such as acetylcholine, arginine, dopamine, beta-endorphine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin stimulates and then relaxes the body. According to users smoking cigarettes gives them a feeling of calmness, relaxation, as well as alertness (Late 1). Despite of its soothing and stimulating effects, nicotine can also cause damaging consequences to the body particularly in its aging process. It harms the lungs, brain, and the heart. According to researches, nicotine has very powerful effects on the body’s arteries. It raises the blood pressure and constricts the arteries. This condition makes it more difficult for the heart to pump blood. Apart from this, nicotine is also responsible for increasing the risks of blood clot and clogging. Aside from the heart, nicotine also has aging effects on the brain. The chemicals inside this substance affect and slowly deteriorate brain functions. When nicotine is introduced to adolescent brain, it may cause a long-lasting damage or consequence to the developing brain. This includes the higher addiction risk to other substances and even mental conditions and ailments (Late 30). The aging effect of nicotine also has an irreversible consequence on the skin. The effects are primarily roots from the nicotine chemicals which cause the cells in the body to act and behave erratically. The substance itself restricts blood flow which then prevents the skin from receiving important nutrients and anti-oxidants. The result is a dry, dull, and grayish skin. Chronic smokers also develop deep wrinkles around the eyes and mouth which causes them to look ten to twenty years older (Smoking and Skin Aging 6). Cocaine is also a harmful drug that easily ages the body. It is regarded as one of the most abused stimulant in the United States. This highly addictive drug is usually taken in by injection, smoking, swallowing, or snorting. It has a euphoric effect which makes the user calm, and even happy. However, cocaine also presents numerous negative health consequences. It slowly damages the heart, brain, and lungs. Its effects on the brain is particularly damaging as it alters its responsiveness. Studies also show that cocaine abuse causes seizure which can also lead to erratic or bizarre behavior. This substance also ages the heart as it increases the heart rate as well as the blood pressure. This causes the arteries to constrict which in turn, blocks the blood supply in the heart. Cocaine abuse can also trigger an abnormal heart rhythm. The strong effects of cocaine chemicals force the body’s organs to work twice as hard. This does not only cause the organ to age abruptly, but it also increases the risk of organ damage and even breakdown (Teen Drug Abuse 1). Alcohol is also another substance commonly abused by millions of people worldwide. It is found in almost every alcoholic beverages and liquors such as wine, beer, and spirits. When consumed in moderation, alcohol can be easily processed by the body. However, abuse of this substance can age and damage the body. A reason behind is largely due to the fact that the body requires a certain amount of time before it can properly absorb and dispose alcohol. Constant drinking and intake will automatically force the body to function abnormally, thus resulting to organ damage and infection (Aging and Alcohol Abuse 3). Alcohol affects crucial organs such as liver and the brain. Once alcohol is ingested, it becomes diffused in almost every tissue of the body. The liver, for instance, functions by breaking down the alcohol. It exactly takes one hour before the liver can process an alcoholic drink. However, constant use of this substance will eventually lead to liver cirrhosis and liver degeneration. The brain is also affected by excessive alcohol in take. It slows down major brain activities which can lead to forgetfulness and confusion. Often times, alcohol drinking affects an individual’s judgment which leads to erratic and even violent and aggressive behavior. Heavy drinking can also permanently cause damage to the central nervous system primarily because it impairs the function of the brain receptors (Aging and Alcohol Abuse 2). Aside from the liver and the brain, alcohol also causes the body to age physically. It dehydrates the body which causes the skin to look dry and dull. In some cases, this lack of moisture from the skin results to wrinkles and even skin cracks. This substance also affects the skin by depleting the body of all the essential minerals and vitamins. It especially impedes the absorption of Vitamin A which makes the skin look radiant. Thus, frequent and heavy drinkers exhibit a lifeless and dull looking skin. Some chronic drinkers also note that their skin color sometimes change into a yellowish or gray tone.

Female Genital Mutilation :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine a young girl; the harsh African sun is kissing her bronzed skin. The warm golden sand tickles her petite and tattered feet. The immense gold earrings she wears beats against her slender neck. Her stature is of a queen, yet she walks to an uncertain death. She stands in front of a small hut, or a tent. She glances back and sees the majestic sun that had once kissed her neck now set and somewhat leave her abandoned. She exists alone in front of that diminutive hut or tent and out comes a man. He is exhausted and is ready to go home to his companion and his supper. He looks a bit annoyed that she has come so late. His hands are stained with a ruby tint and his clothes the same. He motions the young girl in. Hesitantly, she makes small and meager steps to the entranceway. She steps into a minute room with little or no lighting. She stares upon two women and a rusty table that holds the screams of the girls that went before her. The man moti ons her to sit in the table. She slowly places her body on the stained and rusty table. She is a bit afraid that the table will not hold under her weight; nevertheless, she is held up. The man places his cold and clammy hands on her collarbone and pushes her back to the table. As she lies there she looks to her left and sees his instruments; a bloody and rusty razor blade. She sighs with relief. She has heard that a razor blade is the best instrument to use. She knew of women that had to take a piece of glass. She has prayed for courage and strength, yet it does not seem to arrive. The man runs his hands down the sides of her body. Has he pushes her skirt up he looks at her and says to her, "Don't move." He opens her legs and begins to operate. The glare from the poor lighting obstructs his view, but he continues any way. The heat has gotten to him and he is not as awake as he was in the morning. He blinks to regain some concentration and he takes his blade in his hands. He thinks a bout cleaning the blade first but the thought immediately escapes from his mind. He does not want to waste any more time on this girl.

Outlook on Bullying- I Have a Dream

â€Å"Outlook on Bullying† â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. † Our unalienable rights must not be broken or destroyed by anyone’s judgments on how we are supposed to live our life. That is why I ask you ladies and gentlemen for you to stand up against bullying with me. This can happen to anyone primarily targeted simply because of their race, body size, sexual orientation, or any type of difference not accepted or judged by a group or a person.Bullying consists of different disturbances; physical, verbal, indirect, and cyber bullying. Physical bullying is considered any physical attack; kicking, punching, shoving, taking or damaging belongings. Verbal bulling consists of name calling, insulting, making racist, sexist or homophobic comments, remarks or teasing, just to name a few. I ndirect and cyber bullying go hand in hand when nasty, hurtful, rumors are spread behind a person’s back, now most common through any electronic media. Watch your thoughts, they become words. Watch your words, they become actions. Watch your actions, they become habits.Watch your habits, they become character. A character in which you will be defined as a helping hand, a bully, or the one being bullied. America should be a country where everyone can feel safe in which ever environment from public places, to school, to work. One out of seven students from kindergarten to twelfth grade is either a bully or a victim of bullying, and it is estimated that 160,000 students miss school every day due to fear of an attack. Would you want that fear to spread to someone close to you or yourself? In American schools there are about 2. 1 million bullies and 2. 7 million victims, statistics are increasing every day.Parents are the base of our beliefs and that is why everyone should be educ ated about bullying and taught morals to respect one another and be reminded of how difference is also good from a young age. â€Å"The world is a dangerous place because of those who do evil and because of those who look on and do nothing†. Nothing is the worst thing that any friend, teacher, or parent can do to someone in this circumstance. Only God can judge me, ( ) wouldn’t you want to live by this? Bullies have terrorized their victims enough, bullies and victims have had enough of living in their silent pain.Victims have had enough of the abuse and fear brought to them for being themselves. Victims have had enough of stereotyping and all the prejudice. I have a dream that people can wake up every morning without depression or suicidal thoughts hurting them. I have a dream that students have no fear in going to school because of peers. I have dream that no one has to hide in a mask of fakeness because they can’t express themselves. I have dream that people notice and lend a helping hand to a victim or a bully. That’s my dream that I hope one day can become true, and hopefully you will take a stand with me against this atrocious issue. Thank you.

Despite Risk and Uncertainty Essay

Risk is any factor that may potentially interfere with successful completion of the project. A risk is not a problem-a problem has already occurred; a risk is the recognition that a problem might occur. By recognizing potential problems, the project manager can attempt to avoid a problem through proper actions. Project Management is the skills, tools and management processes required to undertake a project successfully. Stakeholders are persons or organizations that are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be positively or negatively affected by the project. Organizations take risks to benefit from potential opportunities however; these opportunities involve an element of risk. Projects entail a level of uncertainty and therefore carry business risk. Every project has risks. Organizations that succeed are the ones that plan for those risks – anticipating, mitigating, and providing response and contingency plans for negative events that may or may not occur. Risk Analysis solutions provide the tools for doing just this, enabling companies to identify, assess and model risks – and, in the process, taking much of the uncertainty out of project and portfolio management. A project risk can be defined as an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, will have a positive or a negative effect on a project’s objectives. Identifying risk in the planning stage enables better project selection decisions and more accurate budgeting and scheduling, (Oracle white paper,2010). Risk assessment is critical to understanding the impact of risk and uncertainty on project schedule and cost. Once risks are identified and assessed, the next step is to develop a response plan. Typical mitigation actions include adding time to the schedule, deploying more resources on the project, bringing in outside expertise, increasing the budget, just to mention a few. Uncertainty is an inevitable aspect of most projects, but even the most proficient managers have difficulty handling it. They use decision milestones to anticipate outcomes, risk management to prevent disasters and sequential iteration to make sure everyone is making the desired product, yet the project still ends up with an overrun schedule, overflowing budget and compromised specifications. Or it just dies. Unforeseen uncertainty makes contingency  planning more difficult because the project team cannot anticipate everything. Because it is impossible to create a complete contingency plan, the plan must evolve as the project progresses. With unforeseeable uncertainty, a lot of time and effort must go into managing relationships with stakeholders and getting them to accept unplanned changes. Stakeholders often dig in, causing resistance and conflicts. Failing to address risk and uncertainty can lead to consequences that span the spectrum from mere inconvenience to grave danger, (www.ey.com). The article went on to explain some of the effects that risk has on the mining and metals companies projects. Failure to deliver against agreed plans — Realized delivery risks will typically impact one or more of a project’s cost, schedule, scope and quality parameters. Where impacts represent a material variation from approved plans, a critical review of the project’s alignment to Business Case assumptions and rationale may be required. Late-stage Business Case modifications have the potential to undermine the project’s investment case and severely impair stakeholder buy-in and confidence. Loss of competitive advantage — For many mining and metals companies, the ability to efficiently and predictably operationalize assets and infrastructure forms a key source of competitive advantage. As commodity prices, commercial terms and the competitive landscape constantly change, the window for timely project delivery is finite. When risks result in project delays, cost overruns or quality defects, many companies will feel a direct impact on corporate performance and competitive advantage. Damage to reputation — Leading mining and metals companies recognize the essential disjointed role of corporate reputation in securing and maintaining a social licence to operate. The risk of health, safety, environment and community incidents is ever present, demanding high levels of delivery discipline and management vigilance. Where policy, process or control break-downs do occur, and an incident results, mining and metals companies must respond immediately to prevent long-lasting reputational damage. The Impact of a risk may be to the project and its success criteria (eg budget and timeframes or the quality of the project output) or it could be to the business as a result of the way the project is carried out. At the same time,risk assessment increases profitability. Contracts can be selected  and priced at the right level of risk, and the business can be managed with risk fully understood, (Oracle white paper,2009). Specific risks can be negotiated, it can be made clear who bears them, and they can be built in to contracts. After evaluating risks, one can choose a path of risk avoidance or risk mitigation and management. If one understands the risks in a project, one can decide which risks are acceptable and take action to mitigate or forestall those risks. If one’s project risk assessment determines that risks are excessive, one may want to consider restructuring the project to within acceptable levels of risk. Every project has risks and the way that these risks are i dentified, assessed and mitigated plays a critical role in the project outcome. Most firms would rather have projects without risk and uncertainty, to realize more profit and growth and also improve or maintain their good reputation. However, risk and uncertainty are not the only factors that may negatively affect a project thus hindering profitability, growth and good reputation for the organization. There are several other factors that aid a project to contribute to the well-being or downfall of the organization. A project fails when the plan is not met. (Oracle white paper, 2009) Failure means that a project exceeds the timeline, the project has to be founded upon realistic timescales, taking account of statutory lead times, and showing critical dependencies such that any delays can be handled. A schedule should include a satisfactory measurement system as a way of judging actual performance against budget and time allowances, Slevin D.P, Pinto J.K (1987) Failure also means that a project overspends the budget, or underperforms expectation, they need to have a clear project plan that covers the full period of the planned delivery and all business change required, and indicate the means of benefits realization. Lack of clear link between the project and the organization’s key strategic priorities, including agreed measures of success also affect projects. The organization needs to know how the priority of this project compares and aligns with other delivery and operational activities. There is need to have defined the critical success factors (CSFs) for the project. Project success or contribution on profitability, growth and reputation for the organization also dwells on clear senior management and Ministerial ownership and leadership. As noted by Schultz and Slevin (1975), management support for projects, or indeed for  any implementation, has long been considered of great importance in distinguishing between their ultimate success or failure. Without an experienced project manager, projects can quickly spiral out of control. The project management team must have a clear view of the interdependencies between projects, the benefits, and the criteria against which success will be judged. Decisions need to be taken early, decisively, and adhered to, in order to facilitate successful delivery. Another great effect to projects contribution on the organization is effective engagement with stakeholders. It is crucial for the firm to identify the right stakeholders an d secure a common understanding and agreement of stakeholder requirements. The project needs to take sufficient account of the subsisting organizational culture whilst ensuring that there is clear accountability and how to resolve and conflicting priorities. The need for client consultation has been found to be increasingly important in attempting to successfully implement a project. Indeed, Manley(1975) found that the degree to which clients are personally involved in the implementation process will cause great variation in their support for that project. If you are managing an internal project, it might not be wise to upset stakeholders that you might need to deal with at a later date. The need for diplomacy is important, and the political landscape can have a large impact on how easy or difficult it will be to deliver the project,(Bauer M). The extent of stakeholder involvement also affects the reputation of the organization and consequently the profits and growth potential. Lack of skills and proven approach to project management and risk management can affect the project and consequently the organization. . Lack of experience breeds excessive conservatism (K. Humphreys). Not having the right people for a particular project may compromise the job. â€Å"The key to a successful project is to include the right people with the right skill-sets,† says Joel Koppelman. He also quotes, â€Å"All the planning in the world will not compensate a lack of talent.† CONCLUSION Risk and uncertainty actually help the project team and management to stay alert and prepare in advance for possible attacks to the project. Decision-making under conditions of risk where there are assigned estimated probabilities and predicted impacts for each identified risk, enables  management strategies to be developed as a response including monitoring and controlling the risk mitigation to reduce these risks to the desired level. Despite risk and uncertainty, there exist other factors that can greatly affect the outcome of the project on profit, growth and reputation. It can then be concluded that risk and uncertainty are not the only factors that hinder projects from contributing to the profitability, growth and the reputation of the organization. Lack of skills and proven approach to project management and risk management, lack of effective engagement with stakeholders, and clear senior management and Ministerial ownership and leaders affect the outcome of a project. Altho ugh risk and uncertainty have dire consequences for the firm, eliminating them will not guarantee projects contributing to profitability, growth and reputation of the organization. The other factors mentioned above are equally liable to project success. REFERENCES Oracle white paper, A Standardized Approach to Risk Management Improves Project Outcomes and Profitability, April 2010 Oracle Corporation World Headquarters 500 Oracle Parkway Redwood Shores, CA 94065 U.S.A. Dennis P. Slevin and Jeffrey K. Pinto, Balancing Strategy and Tactics in Project Implementation’, Sloan Management Review, Fall, 1987, pp. 33-41, Kenneth K. Humphreys, Project Risk Management – Advantages and Pitfalls Pe Cce Dif, n/d. Schultz, R. L. and Slevin, D. P. â€Å"Implementation and Management Innovation,† in Implementing Operations Research and Management Science, ed. Schultz, R. L. and Slevin, D. P. (Elsevier. New York, 1975), pp. 3-22. Manley. J. H. â€Å"Implementation Attitudes: A Model and a Measurement Methodology.† in Implementing Operating Research and Management Science, ed. Schultz. R. L. and Slevin, D. P. (Elsevier. New York, 1973), pp. 183-202. Oracle White Paper, The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses,June 2009. Oracle Corporation World Headquarters 500 Oracle Parkway Redwood Shores, CA 94065 U.S.A. Bauer M. Project Success Factors. Retrieved from www.martinbauer.com/Articles/How-to†¦Project/Project-Success-Factors on 21March 2014.‎ Project Management Planning,January 1997. Retrieved from www.cioarchives.ca.gov/†¦/PM3.10_Planning_Risk_Managem†¦ On 22March 2014. Ernst & Young Global Limited, Effective mining and metals capital project execution,The consequences of risk. U.K Retrieved from www.ey.com on 19 March 2014.

Worship Essays

Worship Essays Worship Essay Worship Essay Word Study: (AVODAH) † Work/Worship BY WILLIAM D. BJORAKER Avodah is the transliteration of the Hebrew word for worship and work. Have you ever thought about the connection? Is worship work? Is work worship? The root word means to work or to serve. The cluster of words derived from the root give us insight into the nature of both worship and work. An oved is a worker. An evid is a slave. Avdut is slavery. Work involves the idea of serving someone. Avodat Elohim is the service or worship of the true God. Avodah ara is literally strange worship (it is also the title of one of the tractates of the Talmud, which discusses the subject of idolatry and corrupt and false worship). Avodat Elillim is idolatry, the worship of false gods. Indeed, false worship or idolatry is in essence serving the devil and leads to avdut-bondage, slavery to Satan. Worship of the true God in Messiah Jesus through the Holy Spirit and in truth is hard work. It demands expenditure of energy. Worship is not mere campfire singing. It requires focus and concentration of our faculties. Be still, and know that I am God (Psalm Worship requires an inner humbling, a surrender of self-will, a repentance of sin, and trust. It requires cultivating the presence of God. It ascribes to Him the supreme value of who He is and acknowledges His worthiness (worth-ship) in words, deeds, and posture. Worship is hard work. Work (labor, enterprise, exertion) is always serving. For the worshiper of God, the believer in Jesus, it is serving God. And whatever you do, whether in word or deed, do it all in the name of the Lord Jesus (Colossians 3:17). One of the great recoveries of the Protestant Reformation was an affirmation of the dignity of all honest occupations and manual labor as vocations (literally, callings). Historically, the Jewish father was considered derelict if he didnt teach his son a trade. Most rabbis also plied a trade (for example, Rabbi Moshe, the shoemaker or Rabbi Shaul, the tentmaker). Work is an essential part and expression of our humanness. It is not, as some mistakenly assume, a result of the Fall. Work was part of Adam and Eves activity in Eden before they sinned. They were to work the Garden and take care of it (Genesis 2:15). Work is an expression of the creativity inherent in human nature out: My Father is always at his work to this very day, and I, too, am working Oohn 5:17). Only work that is drudgery is a consequence of the Fall. In Messiah we can experience a substantial redemption from drudgery to meaningful, enjoyable work and achievement. Whatever your Job, it can be an expression of worship if you do it unto the Lord. In modern Hebrew, uv-dah means fact. A fact works in or with reality because it is true to reality. Likewise, in modern Hebrew, u-vad means adapted†something worked over to fit reality. One more point is necessary: Jesus replied: Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind [worship]. This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it: Love your neighbor as yourself (Matthew 22:37-39). These commands are always in that order. If you get them turned around, it will destroy you. Thats a fact. It wont work; it is not true to reality. If you give yourself first to neighbor-love, you will find out it cannot be sustained. You will burn out. Only neighbor-love growing out of primary love for God has staying power. Neighbor-love works when it flows out of a life of worship. Worship has priority over work, yet true worship is hard work. Work can be a form of worship, and the work of worship has priority over all other work. Always give yourselves fully to the work of the Lord, because you know that your labor in the Lord is not in vain (1 Corinthians 15:58). Lets remember, Night is coming, when no one can work Cohn 9:4). Lets worship God and get to work.

Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Philosopher and Mathematician

Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Philosopher and Mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a prominent German philosopher and mathematician. Though Leibniz was a polymath who contributed many works to many different fields, he is best known for his contributions to math, in which he invented differential and integral calculus independently of Sir Isaac Newton. In philosophy, Leibniz is known for his contributions on a wide range of subjects, including â€Å"optimism†- the idea that the current world is the best of all possible worlds, and was created by a freely thinking God who chose this for a good reason. Fast Facts: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Known For: Philosopher and mathematician known for a number of important contributions to mathematics and philosophy, such as the modern binary system, a widely used calculus notation, and the idea that everything exists for a reason.Born: July 1, 1646 in Leipzig, GermanyDied: November 14, 1716 in Hanover, GermanyParents: Friedrich Leibniz and Catharina SchmuckEducation: Leipzig University, University of Altdorf, University of Jena Early Life and Career Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was born in Leipzig, Germany on July 1, 1646 to Friedrich Leibniz, a professor of moral philosophy, and Catharina Schmuck, whose father was a law professor. Though Leibniz attended elementary school, he was mostly self-taught from the books in his father’s library (who had died in 1652 when Leibniz was six). While young, Leibniz immersed himself in history, poetry, math, and other subjects, gaining knowledge in many different fields. In 1661, Leibniz, who was 14, began studying law at the University of Leipzig and was exposed to the works of thinkers such as Renà © Descartes, Galileo, and Francis Bacon. While there, Leibniz also attended summer school at the University of Jena, where he studied mathematics. In 1666, he finished his law studies and applied to become a doctorate student in law at Leipzig. Because of his young age, however, he was refused the degree. This caused Leibniz to leave the University of Leipzig and earn the degree the following year at the University of Altdorf, whose faculty were so impressed with Leibniz that they invited him to become a professor despite his youth. Leibniz, however, declined and opted instead to pursue a career in public service. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. United States public domain Leibniz’s Tenure in Frankfurt and Mainz, 1667-1672 In 1667, Leibniz entered the service of the Elector of Mainz, who tasked him to help revise the Corpus Juris- or body of laws- of the electorate. During this time, Leibniz also worked to reconcile Catholic and Protestant parties and encouraged Christian European countries to work together to conquer non-Christian lands, instead of waging war on each other. For example, if France left Germany alone, then Germany could help France in conquering Egypt. Leibniz’s action was inspired by France’s king Louis XIV, who seized some German towns in Alsace-Lorraine in 1670. (This â€Å"Egyptian Plan† would be ultimately passed on, although Napoleon unwittingly used a similar plan over a century later.) Paris, 1672-1676 In 1672, Leibniz went to Paris to discuss these ideas more, staying there until 1676. While at Paris, he met a number of mathematicians like Christiaan Huygens, who made many discoveries in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and horology. Leibniz’s interest in mathematics has been credited to this period of travel. He quickly advanced in the subject, figuring out the core of some of his ideas on calculus, physics, and philosophy. Indeed, in 1675 Leibniz figured out the foundations of integral and differential calculus independently from Sir Isaac Newton. In 1673, Leibniz also made a diplomatic trip to London, where he showed a calculating machine that he had developed called the Stepped Reckoner, which could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. In London, he also became a fellow of the Royal Society, an honor awarded to individuals who have made substantial contributions to science or math. Hanover, 1676-1716 In 1676, upon the death of the Elector of Mainz, Leibniz moved to Hanover, Germany, and was placed in charge of the library of the Elector of Hanover. It Hanover- the place that would serve as his residence for the rest of his life- Leibniz wore many hats. For instance, he served as a mining engineer, an advisor, and a diplomat. As a diplomat, he continued to push for the reconciliation of the Catholic and Lutheran churches in Germany by writing papers that would resolve the views of both Protestants and Catholics. The last part of Leibniz’s life was plagued by controversy- with the most notable being in 1708, when Leibniz was accused of plagiarizing Newton’s calculus despite having developed the math independently. Leibniz died in Hanover on November 14, 1716. He was 70 years old. Leibniz never married, and his funeral was only attended by his personal secretary. Legacy Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany. Moment Editorial / Getty Images Leibniz was considered a great polymath and he made many important contributions to philosophy, physics, law, politics, theology, math, psychology, and other fields. He may be most well known, however, for some of his contributions to math and philosophy. When Leibniz died, he had written between 200,000 to 300,000 pages and more than 15,000 letters of correspondence to other intellectuals and important politicians- including many notable scientists and philosophers, two German emperors, and Tsar Peter the Great. Contributions to Math Modern Binary System Leibniz invented the modern binary system, which uses the symbols 0 and 1 to represent numbers and logical statements. The modern binary system is integral to the functioning and operation of computers, even though Leibniz discovered this system a few centuries prior to the invention of the first modern computer. It should be noted, however, that Leibniz did not discover binary numbers themselves. Binary numbers were already used, for example, by the ancient Chinese, whose use of binary numbers was acknowledged in Leibniz’s paper that introduced his binary system (â€Å"Explanation of Binary Arithmetic,† which was published in 1703). Calculus Leibniz developed a complete theory of integral and differential calculus independently of Newton, and was the first one to publish on the subject (1684 as opposed to Newton’s 1693), though both thinkers seem to have developed their ideas at the same time. When the Royal Society of London, whose president at the time was Newton, decided who developed calculus first, they gave credit for the discovery of calculus to Newton, while credit for the publication on calculus went to Leibniz. Leibniz was also accused of plagiarizing Newton’s calculus, which left a permanent negative mark on his career. Leibniz’s calculus differed from Newton’s mainly in notation. Interestingly, many students of calculus today have come to prefer Leibniz’s notation. For example, many students today use â€Å"dy/dx† to indicate a derivative of y with respect to x, and an â€Å"S†-like symbol to indicate an integral. Newton, on the other hand, placed a dot over a variable, like á º , to indicate a derivative of y with respect to s, and did not have a consistent notation for integration. Matrices Leibniz also rediscovered a method of arranging linear equations into arrays or matrices, which makes manipulating those equations much easier. A similar method had first been discovered by Chinese mathematicians years earlier, but had fallen into abandonment. A statue of Leibniz at Leipzig University. claudiodivizia / Getty Images. Contributions to Philosophy Monads and Philosophy of Mind In the 17th century, Renà © Descartes put forward the notion of dualism, in which the non-physical mind was separate from the physical body. This sparked the question of how exactly the mind and body are related to one another. In response, some philosophers said that the mind could only be explained in terms of physical matter. Leibniz, on the other hand, believed that the world is made of â€Å"monads,† which are not made of matter. Each monad, in turn, has its own individual identity, as well as its own properties that determine how they are perceived. The monads, furthermore, are arranged by God- who is also a monad- to be together in perfect harmony. This laid down Leibniz’s views on optimism. Optimism Leibniz’s most famous contribution to philosophy may be â€Å"optimism,† the idea that the world we live in- which encompasses everything that exists and has existed- is the â€Å"best of all possible worlds.† The idea is based on the assumption that God is a good and rational being, and has considered many other worlds in addition to this one before choosing this one to come into existence. Leibniz explained evil by stating that it may result in a greater good, even if an individual experiences negative consequences. He further believed that everything existed for a reason. And humans, with their limited viewpoint, cannot see the greater good from their restricted vantage point. Leibniz’s ideas were popularized by the French writer Voltaire, who did not agree with Leibniz that humans are living in the â€Å"best of all possible worlds.† Voltaire’s satirical book Candide ridicules this notion by introducing the character Pangloss, who believes that everything is for the best despite all of the negative things going on in the world. Sources Garber, Daniel. â€Å"Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716).† Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge, www.rep.routledge.com/articles/biographical/leibniz-gottfried-wilhelm-1646-1716/v-1.Jolley, Nicholas, editor. The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz. Cambridge University Press, 1995.Mastin, Luke. â€Å"17th Century Mathematics - Leibniz.† The Story of Mathematics, Storyofmathematics.com, 2010, www.storyofmathematics.com/17th_leibniz.html.Tietz, Sarah. â€Å"Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm.† ELS, Oct. 2013.

About the Womens Trade Union League (WTUL)

About the Womens Trade Union League (WTUL) The Womens Trade Union League (WTUL), nearly forgotten in much of the mainstream, feminist, and labor history written in the mid-20th century, was a key institution in reforming womens working conditions in the early 20th century. The WTUL not only played a pivotal role in organizing the garment workers and textile workers, but in fighting for protective labor legislation for women and better factory working conditions for all. The WTUL also served as a community of support for women working within the labor movement, where they were often unwelcome and barely tolerated by the male national and local officers. The women formed friendships, often across class lines, as working-class immigrant women and wealthier, educated women worked together for both union victories and legislative reforms. Many of the twentieth centurys best-known women reformers were connected in some way with the WTUL: Jane Addams, Mary McDowell, Lillian Wald, and Eleanor Roosevelt among them. WTUL Beginnings A 1902 boycott in New York, where women, mostly housewives, boycotted kosher butchers over the price of kosher beef, caught the attention of William English Walling. Walling, a wealthy Kentucky native living at the University Settlement in New York, thought of a British organization he knew a bit about: the Womens Trade Union League. He went to England to study this organization to see how it might translate to America. This British group had been founded in 1873 by Emma Ann Patterson, a suffrage worker who was also interested in issues of labor. She had been, in her turn, inspired by stories of American womens unions, specifically the New York Parasol and Umbrella Makers Union and the Womens Typographical Union. Walling studied the group as it had evolved by 1902-03 into an effective organization that brought together middle-class and wealthy women with working-class women to fight for improved working conditions by supporting union organizing. Walling returned to America and, with Mary Kenney OSullivan, laid the groundwork for a similar American organization. In 1903, OSullivan announced the formation of the Womens National Trade Union League, at the annual convention of the American Federation of Labor. In November, the founding meeting in Boston included the citys settlement house workers and AFL representatives. A slightly larger meeting, November 19, 1903, included labor delegates, all but one of whom were men, representatives from the Womens Educational and Industrial Union, who were mostly women, and settlement house workers, mostly women. Mary Morton Kehew was elected the first president, Jane Addams the first vice-president, and Mary Kenney OSullivan the first secretary. Other members of the first executive board included Mary Freitas, a Lowell, Massachusetts, textile mill worker; Ellen Lindstrom, a Chicago union organizer; Mary McDowell, a Chicago settlement house worker and experienced union organizer; Leonora OReilly, a New York settlement house worker who was also a garment union organizer; and Lillian Wald, settlement house worker and organizer of several womens unions in New York City. Local branches were quickly established in Boston, Chicago, and New York, with support from settlement houses in those cities. From the beginning, membership was defined as including women trade unionists, who were to be the majority according to the organizations by-laws, and earnest sympathizers and workers for the cause of trade unionism, who came to be referred to as allies. The intention was that the balance of power and decision-making would always rest with the trade unionists. The organization helped women start unions in many industries and many cities, and also provided relief, publicity, and general assistance for womens unions on strike. In 1904 and 1905, the organization supported strikes in Chicago, Troy, and Fall River. From 1906-1922, the presidency was held by Margaret Dreier Robins, a well-educated reform activist, married in 1905 to Raymond Robins, head of the Northwestern University Settlement in Chicago. In 1907, the organization changed its name to the National Womens Trade Union League (WTUL). WTUL Comes of Age In 1909-1910, the WTUL took a leading role in supporting the Shirtwaist Strike, raising money for relief funds and bail, reviving an ILGWU local, organizing mass meetings and marches, and providing pickets and publicity. Helen Marot, executive secretary of the New York WTUL branch, was the chief leader and organizer of this strike for the WTUL. William English Walling, Mary Dreier, Helen Marot, Mary E. McDowell, Leonora OReilly, and Lillian D. Wald were among the founders in 1909 of the NAACP, and this new organization helped support the Shirtwaist Strike by thwarting an effort of the managers to bring in black strikebreakers. The WTUL continued to expand support of organizing campaigns, investigating working conditions, and aiding women strikers in Iowa, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin. From 1909 on, the League also worked for the 8-hour day and for minimum wages for women through legislation. The latter of those battles was won in 14 states between 1913 and 1923; the victory was seen by the AFL as a threat to collective bargaining. In 1912, after the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire, the WTUL was active in the investigation and in promoting legislative changes to prevent future tragedies such as this one. That same year, in the Lawrence Strike by the IWW, the WTUL provided relief to strikers (soup kitchens, financial help) until the United Textile Workers pushed them out of the relief efforts, denying assistance to any strikers who refused to return to work. The WTUL/AFL relationship, always a bit uncomfortable, was further strained by this event, but the WTUL chose to continue to ally itself with the AFL. In the Chicago garment strike, the WTUL had helped to support the women strikers, working with the Chicago Federation of Labor. But the United Garment Workers suddenly called off the strike without consulting these allies, leading to the founding of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers by Sidney Hillman, and a continuing close relationship between the ACW and the League. In 1915, the Chicago Leagues started a school to train women as labor leaders and organizers. In that decade, too, the league began to work actively for woman suffrage, working with the National American Woman Suffrage Association. The League, seeing woman suffrage as a route to gain protective labor legislation benefiting women workers, founded the Wage-Earners League for Woman Suffrage, and WTUL activist, IGLWU organizer and former Triangle Shirtwaist worker Pauline Newman was especially involved in these efforts, as was Rose Schneiderman. It was during these pro-suffrage efforts in 1912, that the phrase Bread and Roses came into use to symbolize the dual goals of reform efforts: basic economic rights and security, but also dignity and hope for a good life. WTUL World War I - 1950 During World War I, the employment of women in the U.S. increased to nearly ten million. The WTUL worked with the Women in Industry Division of the Department of Labor to improve working conditions for women, in order to promote more female employment. After the war, returning vets displaced women in many of the jobs theyd filled. AFL unions often moved to exclude women from the workplace and from unions, another strain in the AFL/WTUL alliance. In the 1920s, the League began summer schools to train organizers and women workers at Bryn Mawr College, Barnard College, and Vineyard Shore. Fannia Cohn, involved in the WTUL since she took a labor education class with the organization in 1914, became Director of the ILGWU Educational Department, beginning decades of service to working womens needs and decades of struggling within the union for understanding and support of womens needs. Rose Schneiderman became president of the WTUL in 1926, and served in that role until 1950. During the Depression, the AFL emphasized employment for men. Twenty-four states enacted legislation to prevent married women from working in public service, and in 1932, the federal government required one spouse to resign if both worked for the government. Private industry was no better: for instance, in 1931, New England Telephone and Telegraph and Northern Pacific laid off all women workers. When Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected president, the new first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, a long-time WTUL member and fund-raiser, used her friendship and connections with the WTUL leaders to bring many of them into active support of New Deal Programs. Rose Schneiderman became a friend and frequent associate of the Roosevelts, and helped advise on major legislation like Social Security and the Fair Labor Standards Act. The WTUL continued its uneasy association mainly with the AFL, ignored the new industrial unions in the CIO, and focused more on legislation and investigation in its later years. The organization dissolved in 1950. Text  Ã‚ © Jone Johnson Lewis WTUL - Research Resources Sources consulted for this series include: Bernikow, Louise. The American Womens Almanac: An Inspiring and Irreverent Womens History. 1997. ( compare prices) Cullen-Dupont, Kathryn. The Encyclopedia of Womens History in America. 1996. 1996. (compare prices) Eisner, Benita, editor. The Lowell Offering: Writings by New England Mill Women (1840-1845). 1997. ( compare prices ) Flexner, Eleanor. Century of Struggle: the Womens Rights Movement in the United States. 1959, 1976. ( compare prices) Foner, Philip S. Women and the American Labor Movement: From Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I. 1979. ( compare prices) Orleck, Annelise. Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working-Class Politics in the United States, 1900-1965. 1995. ( compare prices) Schneider, Dorothy and Carl J. Schneider. The ABC-CLIO Companion to Women in the Workplace. 1993. ( compare prices)

Case Study, Cultural Turnaround at Club Med Essay

Case Study, Cultural Turnaround at Club Med - Essay Example Sooner, it was able to achieve a considerable growth in the competitive tourism business industry. During the year 2000, the company was highly focused on developing its brand image due to the fierce competition prevailing in the global hospitality industry (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., n.d.). Before the year 2000, the business performance of the organisation has been recognised to achieve substantial growth due to its wide range of tourist villages along with targeting potential clients through its exceptional business strategies. The strategy of maintaining festive atmosphere during all the seasons and maintaining adequate culture within the organisation has been widely accepted, which enabled Club med to attain a competitive advantage in the rapidly flourishing tourism industry (Sheth & et. al., 2010). The strategic reposition along with emphasising on building relationship has significantly facilitated the company to accomplish its desired business goals. In this context, Gracious Or ganisers (GO) responsible for maintaining effective relationship with clients has been identified to play a crucial role by maintaining festive culture throughout all the seasons within the tourist villages. Moreover, the integration of different events for targeting the youths such as cultural shows, sports along with village dances have significantly helped the organisation to obtain a wide attention of the global clients. In addition, the continuance of cooperative relationship between the employees along with their families has also been proven to play a major role for Club Med to maintain its organisational culture (Verdure, 1993). Major Factors for Club Med’s Success between the Year 1950s to 1990s With reference to the case scenario, a set of key success factors can be identified that led Club Med to play a dominant role in all-inclusive resort industry during the years 1950s to 1990s. In this regard, few of the key success factors during those years have been briefly highlighted in the following discussion. Value Creation Strategy The strategy of increasing value of different tourism activities performed by Club Med can be considered as one of the major successive factors that led to provide adequate support to the organisation between the years 1950s to 1990s. With regard to the major functional attributes in the value proposition of Club Med, it has been widely accepted that transportation, food, accommodation along with sports and entertainment events are the four major pillar of the company’s value creation strategy. Innovation The continuous innovation across the major key factors for the global tourists can also be considered to play as essential role in increasing value of its range of tourism services. Moreover, the innovative strategy of integrating exceptional tourism products and/services have act as a shield for the organisation against various potential threats from the global tour operators along with hotel chains within the period of 1950s to 1990s. Few of the remarkable innovative business operations analogous to Club Med during these periods have been demonstrated in the following table. Source: (Marom & et. al., 2003). Organisational Culture With regard to the

Computer-Based Crimes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computer-Based Crimes - Research Paper Example In this case, monetary reward is the goal of hacking. Some hackers may also hack into a computer system with the aim of revenging. Such a hacker may steal and distribute sensitive information that could hurt the business. During a hacking episode, a hacker may connect to a target computer through an open network. For instance, open wireless connection offers hackers a quick way of attacking a computer system. Hackers can also use exploits to compromise a host and use it to gain access into the target computer. Once the hacker compromises the computer, they are may steal unprotected information from the computers. Phishing Computer-based crimes may also entail wrongful acquisition of data and information about users for the purpose of misrepresentation. Users who have access to computer systems have various identities, which describe the users such s they address or bank details. There are times when criminal attempt to acquire date from users by false means. For instance, criminals c ould dupe users into providing their bank details to a website that appears to be genuine, but not (Onescu, Irea, & Blajan, 2011). With a successful phishing, the criminal may use the data from the user to commit crime or for financial gain such as purchasing items online. Among the many computer-based crimes, phishing has the highest number of occurrences. There are various ways of phishing users online. One common technique is the use of an email that may appear to be from legitimate from a legitimate source. Using such emails, the sender will convince the user to follow a link and perhaps fill some sensitive information into a form and upon clicking the submit button send the information to the user. A typical scenario will be a criminal sending an... This research paper not only describes most common ways that criminals use to steal your data or hack computer system, but also provides recommendations on how to prevent such events and to increase user awareness of computer-related systems. Over year, the number of computer-based crimes has been rising and there are no signs the pattern will change, at least for now. Computer crime refers to any criminal activity where criminals target a computer, or use computers to violate the law. In recent years, criminals have used computers to commit crime such as stealing credit cards from unsuspecting users. With the number of computer crimes growing, there is significant interest on how users can enhance their safety when using computers. This essay describes many issues, that could affect the computer industry with computer-based crime and ethical issues being the chief. Using computers, criminals can commit crimes such as phishing where they capture sensitive user data and possibly misus e them. However, increasing user awareness and using antivirus software can help prevent and mitigate this threat. The researcher states that organizations can implement decision to curb ethical issues such as software piracy where employees copy and install software without purchasing them. Being that those firms deprives software vendors of revenues, purchasing the software and creating awareness is a fair strategy of reducing the practice. This solution align with fairness approach because it allows the developers to earn money while making software firms pay for tools they use to earn money.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle - Essay Example The title 'the Unready', or more accurately 'the Ill-Advised', given to Alfred's successor derives largely from the writer of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle who was an admirer of Alfred and disappointed in his successor. The author seems so much unknown of the real dilemma that he has kept the then public views in his mind while writing and the chronicle is not written keeping the real circumstances in consideration Ethelred had to face in that era, but its all about the reiterate defeats of Ethelred. This is the main reason as to why Ethelred has gained nothing but only the bad reputation in history. Another reason is while writing 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle', he has been compared to Alfred. In 1979 the year after the accession of King Aethelred, the Danish invasions, long unintermitted under Edgar the Peaceful, recommenced as their main objective was to plunder only, not conquest, and they repeatedly attacked in 981, 982 and 988. A period of peace in the middle of the tenth century, in which took place a great monastic reform and revival of learning, was followed by renewed Danish attacks, which continued throughout the reign of Aethelred the Unready and culminated in the conquest by Cnut. In 991 the Danes burned Ipswich, and defeated and slew the East Saxon ealdorman Brihtnoth at Maldon. After this incident, Aethelred realizing the eruption of law and order offered them a price of freedom of 10,000, just to bring peace and serenity in England. As the Danes had to give something in the form of desistion from their ravages, they were still allowed to stay in England. Next year Aethelred himself broke the peace by an attack on the Danish ships. Despite the treachery of A elfric, the English were victorious and the Danes sailed off to devastate Lindsey and Northumbria. In 994 Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway, and King of Denmark, Sweyn Forkbeard united in a great invasion and attacked London. Frustrated by the bravery of the citizens, they sailed away and harried the coast from Essex to Hampshire. Now Aethelred had no option left except for paying another price of England, and once again he bought peace for 16,000 with a promise of supplies. Olaf after receiving such great favors assured Aethelred that he would never again come to England with hostile intent, an engagement that he faithfully kept. One of the reasons why he is acknowledged as 'The Unready' is he was not sure who to trust and who not to trust. For his defeat lies in the fact he trusted the wrong people. This led him towards the failure one after the next and finally the King of Denmark defeated him. The promise was made to Olaf Tryggvason, the King of Norway; Sweyn (the King of Denmark) was devoid of any kind of commitment made to Aethelred so he repeatedly attacked England in 997, 998, 999, and in 1000. These frequent attacks break down the national defense and made the Government weak. However Aethelred in these crucial state of affairs did what anyone could have done for the survival of his country, he offered the then Danes the sum of 24,000, but at the same time he ordered the slaughter of each and every Danish men who were in England, which was his greatest blunder. Such a violent behavior on part of the Aethelred made the situation worse and caused Sweyn to return for revenge and remained here for two yea rs. In 1005

What do you expect to get from your electives for your subject Essay

What do you expect to get from your electives for your subject - Essay Example All of these categories are essential to our learning. Our minor courses serve as refreshment for us not to forget the basic know how of education. They are like touches of the foundation of every aspect of study. Our major subjects are essential for us to master our chosen fields of study. Finally, we have our elective subjects which give us additional knowledge and make us understand our major field better. To begin discussing what an elective subject is, let me begin with its brief definition. Elective subjects are subjects that a student chooses to deepen knowledge or skill in a particular area. This can be from another related major (UTS: Engineering FAQ, 2007). From this definition, we can conclude why students need to take up elective subjects. It is a well known fact that every field of knowledge is interrelated and interconnected with each other. Therefore, one should have an understanding of the different areas in connection with his/her major. This will give a person a wider perception of things he/she should be acquainted with in his area of specialization. As an example, you cannot expect someone to be a good doctor in the future without the basic understanding of anatomy or a background about biology. This is true in any other areas of study whether it is in the field of science or engineering. With regards to my course, I would like to extract it from point to point. The definition of Mechanical Engineering is the broadest among all other kinds of engineering (â€Å"What is†). The simplest and shortest, on the other hand, that can be found on any other internet site is the application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design, manufacture, and operation of operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, processes, and systems (â€Å"Engineering†). It sounds simple as it seems from the definition. On the contrary, this major is interconnected and interrelated to all

Book Report on Don't Fire Them, Fire Them Up by Frank Pacetta Essay

Book Report on Don't Fire Them, Fire Them Up by Frank Pacetta - Essay Example Although he mentions that an individual is an essential element in any organization, the role of the team or group is emphasized more in the book. This perspective eliminates possible jealousy and unhealthy competition within the organization, thus creating an atmosphere of teamwork and cooperation. Pacetta outlines principles that are doable in both non-military and military settings since the underlying principles of motivation and teamwork are essential in any successful organizational environment. LEADERSHIP IN MANAGEMENT 3 Leadership Principles in Management There are several principles on effective leadership that Frank Pacetta discusses in his book. According to â€Å"The One Minute Manager† author Kenneth Blanchard, leadership skills focused on people are significant for leaders who know that the work force is the primary resource of any organization (Nohria & Groysberg, 2008). In Pacetta’s (1994) book, he touches on the extraordinary potential of a well-directe d and highly motivated human spirit. Although some say that the book is more of a marketing and sales guide because Pacetta (1994) first applies his ideas on marketing and sales, the overall concept discussed in the book is applicable to any organizational setting, corporate or non-corporate. In the book, creating loyalty and developing trust is one of Pacetta’s (1994) important leadership principles. Loyalty and trust creates an atmosphere of teamwork and dependability. Additionally, he mentioned that establishing accountability and encouraging the process of giving constructive feedback is a vital part in an organization. The value of accountability pushes the concept of professional ethics, while feedback encourages working on possible areas of improvement that support continuous development. Generating passion and enthusiasm is also deemed essential. One must remember that a happy employee is a productive employee (Mrudula, 2006). Pacetta (1994) also mentions that a leade r’s ability to enliven, manage, and rebuild an organization is a necessary attitude that encourage employee trust to the organization’s management team. It reflects the internal strength of the organization, thereby promoting a sense of security among employees or members of the organization. To top it off, a leader’s capacity in pushing the organization to the top and maintaining its status at that level develops a sense of pride among every member of the organization. A leader is considered as the LEADERSHIP IN MANAGEMENT 4 one having command responsibility in every aspect of the organization, therefore making the position both challenging and crucial. Pacetta (1994) asserts that although there are normally 3 main reasons for organizational failures --- namely poor leadership, lack of enthusiasm, or skills deficiency --- poor leadership is almost always the main factor why organizations fail. The practicality of the leadership principles presented by Pacetta ( 1994) makes them applicable not only in corporate situations, but also in military settings. In order to realize success and continuous growth within any organizational set-up, there must be strong leadership skills and tactics, and flexibility in methods and processes building and

What do you expect to get from your electives for your subject Essay

What do you expect to get from your electives for your subject - Essay Example All of these categories are essential to our learning. Our minor courses serve as refreshment for us not to forget the basic know how of education. They are like touches of the foundation of every aspect of study. Our major subjects are essential for us to master our chosen fields of study. Finally, we have our elective subjects which give us additional knowledge and make us understand our major field better. To begin discussing what an elective subject is, let me begin with its brief definition. Elective subjects are subjects that a student chooses to deepen knowledge or skill in a particular area. This can be from another related major (UTS: Engineering FAQ, 2007). From this definition, we can conclude why students need to take up elective subjects. It is a well known fact that every field of knowledge is interrelated and interconnected with each other. Therefore, one should have an understanding of the different areas in connection with his/her major. This will give a person a wider perception of things he/she should be acquainted with in his area of specialization. As an example, you cannot expect someone to be a good doctor in the future without the basic understanding of anatomy or a background about biology. This is true in any other areas of study whether it is in the field of science or engineering. With regards to my course, I would like to extract it from point to point. The definition of Mechanical Engineering is the broadest among all other kinds of engineering (â€Å"What is†). The simplest and shortest, on the other hand, that can be found on any other internet site is the application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design, manufacture, and operation of operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, processes, and systems (â€Å"Engineering†). It sounds simple as it seems from the definition. On the contrary, this major is interconnected and interrelated to all

Models in project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Models in project management - Essay Example This statement of work will provide a deep insight into development of the high-level project charter for the E-Mail Upgrade Project described in the scenario. This statement will provide an overview of the identification of a project management methodology and project team, and a baseline schedule. This will describe the project objective and its main scope. This project is going to enhance the overall structure if the company communication structure. This project will upgrade the e-mail system of the Ohio Department of Human Services. Through this the organization will get the better communication facilities and data sharing network over the organizational intranet. This project will enhance the following areas of the organization; This project will be implemented on the Ohio Department of Human Service’s organizational Intranet. The Office of Network Support (ONS) will keep track and manage the overall project and its associated activates (tasks, phases). We have decided to purchase the new version of the Worldviewupgrades that is Globalupgrades 9.0. This is better system with the offer of discounts for a Version 9.0 license. We are also satisfied with the quality of this system working. This system will also offer the better robust working environment. I have analyzed the overall project tasks and main activities that we will need to perform. After this I have devised a workable and convent time line for this project. This project will take three months for the overall project execution and implementation. At the end of the three months we are expecting to have the overall new efficient working system that will deliver the better performance and communication infrastructure. After that we have to engage a training period of three days that will introduce the all personal regarding the use of the new system. This system should have the capability to tolerate any system level error. This system should also

Student-Relations Officer Essay Example for Free

Student-Relations Officer Essay I am proud of my achievements because I worked hard to earn all of these. In Secondary Three I earned the semester award for the highest history average. I receive the said award 3 consecutive times, marking me as the student with the highest history average in the entire school. I was also awarded with the highest English average twice, with both of the classes being an equivalent of Grade 10 History and English, respectively (although chronologically only an equivalent of Grade 9). In addition to the aforementioned awards, I also achieved an A on English during the Second Language IGCSE Examinations, an A on E Math IGCSE examinations, and a B in the History IGCSE Examinations. All the said examinations were all taken a year earlier than normal (I was in Grade 9, and 14 years old, the regular being at the completion of Grade 10 and 16 years old) – all the IGCSEs the equivalent of Grade 11 subjects relative to their counterpart subjects in Canada. I also bagged the third prize during the Science Forum with my team around the same time. Additionally, I was elected as a Student-Relations Officer, wherein my responsibility is to hold forums for students and votes and statistics on student views and opinions. In spite all of my achievements, I pride myself more on the distinction I have here in Canada. If any of the accomplishments stand out, I believe it is my completion of grade 11 with five subjects at the age of fifteen with a nineties average that truly counts as a special achievement. It is in hardship, dedication and passion that one person can succeed. As I look back and recall all of my achievements, I believe I have what it takes to be successful in my chosen field someday.

Comparing Theories Of Veblen And Bourdieu Sociology Essay

Comparing Theories Of Veblen And Bourdieu Sociology Essay In Turkey or in the world, we generally come across with the news about shopping line in front of the stores to buy the brand new model of a kind of good. Mostly, report people go to these lines and make interview with the persons waiting on line. For example, again in such a line for the opening day to be first to buy iPhone, a man was interviewed. He was in line to buy the new iPhone. He looked like he was in his 60s and had had a few facelifts. When he was asked, he said this was his second day of waiting in line: The day before he had waited 12 hours and finally got a phone for his daughter. He had returned and spent nine hours to get a phone for him. He said he had the 3G, and wanted to upgrade to a 4G. In society, one establishes a status, not only by what one does or says, but also by purchasing and being seen to possess certain types of car, house, or clothes, or by being seen to live in a certain neighborhood or suburb, shopping in certain stores, going to certain theaters, decorating ones apartment in a certain way, taking certain vacations etc.   All of these are social symbols to which society has attached certain connotations of a superior, different, or normal  status. Conspicuous consumption makes individuals desire to compete to buy the symbolic advantages. Thus, I want to compare Veblens conspicuous consumption concept with Bourdieus cultural capital, habitus and taste concepts. First, I will try to examine Veblens theory of leisure class. Then I will try to examine Bourdieus theory of capitals, taste and habitus. Finally, I compare both thinkers to understand the role of consumption in stratification in society. Veblens Theory of Leisure Class and Conspicuous Consumption: In The Theory of the Leisure Class  (1899), Thorsten Veblen thought up the phrase conspicuous consumption to designate the act of purchasing and using certain goods and services, not in order to survive, but rather to identify oneself to others as having superior wealth and social standing.   These possessions and services are extras that are to some extent wasteful as showed in the example above. They symbolize ones ability to waste whatever one wants. Veblen starts his examination by first demonstrating the pre-historical progression from savage to barbarian culture, and then claiming that the latter stages after barbarian culture to modern cultures characteristics were still seen in the modern capitalist society. Veblens Account of the Development of Society: Peaceable Æ’Â  Predatory Æ’Â  Quasi-Peaceable Industry Æ’Â  Modern Savages Æ’Â   BarbariansÆ’Â   Moderns Changes in society are generated by changes in the material facts of life. The change from peaceable society to predatory society requires enough accumulated stuff to be worth fighting for (tools, weapons, etc). Barbarian civilizations are different from the earlier stages of savage society. With their tendencies to martial and aggressiveness, it results in the appearance of a dominant leisure class. Thus, a new order occurs and that is made possible a new class which can produce beyond the minimum subsistence level. When this happens, a group of people redistribute the outcomes of other group of peoples productive labor in their own sake. Thus, this new class has the ownership of private property. According to Veblen, this creates envy that middle and lower classes desire to the same un-industrious lives. That allows the leisure class to form. Thus the accumulation of possessions is priority number one for the leisure class. The emergence of leisure class coincides with ownership. The motivation behind ownership is emulation. In The Theory of the Leisure Class, he wrote: The motive is emulation-the stimulus of an invidious comparison especially in any community in which class distinctions are quite vague, all canons and reputability and decency and all standards of consumption are traced back by insensible gradations to the usages and thoughts of the highest social and pecuniary class, the wealthy leisure class (p.81). In that sense, it can be claimed that men are led to accumulation of wealth because of pecuniary emulation. Veblen claims that the pecuniary struggle is the driving force behind the development of culture and society. The struggle for wealth (private property) is due to pecuniary emulation. It can be said that it is not a struggle for subsistence. If it were a struggle for subsistence, there would come a definite point after which the reason to gather goods would stop. But there is no such point. Veblen held that consumption is motivated by a desire for social standing as well as for the enjoyment of the goods and services per se: The proximate ground for expenditure in excess of what is required for physical comfort is a desire to live up to the conventional standard of decency (p.81) People compare consumption but not leisure, and that they refer upwards, choosing their work and spending activities in order to be more like a higher income group. He indicates that a major source of this conduct is due to the pressures of invidious comparison, a process of valuation of persons in respect of worth. Veblen defines as a comparison of persons with a view to rating and grading them in respect of relative worth or value (1899: 34). Under modern conditions consumption is a more visible form of display. Individuals should find the ways to show off their wealth in order for invidious comparisons. Veblen pointed out two main ways to do this, conspicuous leisure and conspicuous consumption. He argues that wasteful conspicuous leisure and consumption were most effective ways of displaying wealth. As a result, strategies of conspicuous leisure and conspicuous consumption affected the class structure, and soon penetrated among non-leisure classes, leading to lower class people t o engage in conspicuous leisure and consumption. The exigencies of the modern industrial system frequently place individuals and households in juxtaposition between whom there is little contact in any other sense than juxtaposition. Ones neighbors, mechanically speaking, often are socially not ones neighbors, or even acquaintances; and still their transient good opinion has a high degree of utility. The only practicable means of impressing ones pecuniary ability on these unsympathetic observers of ones everyday life is an unremitting demonstration of the ability to pay. (p.71) Conspicuous consumption emphasis pecuniary emulation even more so than leisure, because the working classes engage in wasteful expenditures in an attempt to appear wealthy, even when their employments are not of the leisurely point of view. Overgenerous dress, gluttonous banquets, grand mansions, and iPhones, etc are all examples of conspicuous consumption. Any item that is without a productive function, or that has a price well above what is indicated by its practical utility alone, constitutes a good that is valued predominantly for the social capital that it brings. Take foie gras as an example. Suppose a group of people likes the taste of beef more than the taste of foie gras. Of course, foie gras is much more expensive than beef. It is not that people eat foie gras despite the fact it provides less utility than beef; rather, foie gras provides more utility, because utility is not based on taste alone. So what is providing the utility? The money was spent by this class with little regard for utility. Veblens theory was that people want to buy things because they want to signal wealth, power and taste to others in other words, signals about social status. People would not want to buy something which gave signals of a lower social status; they always want to aim higher. The idea is that you consume like the upper classes in order to be the upper classes, consciously or not. It can be stretched to apply to almost any example of consumption. I agree with the idea that people buy things as a display to others. I think it is also true that people buy things to identify with a particular idea of class or culture. Another aspect of leisure class is that it loses its contact with labor and its characteristic becomes conspicuous exemption from all useful employment. Leisure connotes non-productive consumption of time. Having the information about the past, antiques, ancient languages and sciences to know, horses, dogs, home decoration, these are all indicative of the industry that you do not do a job. Conspicuous leisure has the greatest vogue as a mark of reputability. The consumption of the more desirable things becomes honorable. Luxuries and the comforts of life belong to leisure class. Industrious class should consume only what may be necessary to their subsistence. The consumption of luxuries is a consumption directed to the comfort of the consumer himself and is a mark of the master. Women should consume only for the benefit of their masters. Master man consumes of the best food, drink, weapons, narcotics, shelter, ornaments. This kind of consumption is an evidence of wealth and it becomes honorific. As wealth accumulates the leisure class develops further in function and structure and there arises a differentiation within the class. This differentiation is furthered by the inheritance of wealth and the consequent inheritance of gentility. Veblens explanation of emulation has the root of ownership; in other words once our immediate material needs are met, we buy items for their conspicuous nature, to emulate those in higher earning strata, status. Veblen conceives of status among humans as a stratification system. Ownership became associated to power and dominance, and originated a new sort of social division: that separating owners from non-owners. Veblen asserts Wealth is now itself intrinsically honorable and confers honor on its possessor (Veblen, 1899: 18). Thus the struggle for survival became a struggle for pecuniary respect. In other words, competition for the accumulation of goods envisaged gaining the esteem of the community and enhancing ones reputation. Veblen established an objective relationship between social structure and class lifestyles, cultural values and ultimately, consumption practices. The acquisition of social repute and honour depended upon primarily by the ability to waste economic resources that had been acquired without effort. Some eighty years later, Pierre Bourdieu ([1979] 1984) a French sociologist also examined the relationship between social structure and economic and cultural dimensions of social life. Bourdieu analyzed consumption practices and taste to show how social position and lifestyles are related. In this account, instead of a dominant class culture, one finds class cultures. P. Bourdieu: Habitus, Field, Capital and Taste: Max Weber (1978) discussed the term social class to grasp the idea that, in addition to the economic conditions discussed by Marx, hierarchical social structure are also established and reproduced through styles of life. In that sense, it can be said that societies separate into different groupings based not only on economic conditions, but also on non economic criteria such as morals, culture, and lifestyle, etc. In that sense, it was  ¬Ã‚ rst analyzed in Veblens (1899) theory about the leisure class and Simmels theory of trickle-down status imitation (Coleman, 1983). In Distinction (Bourdieu, 1984), Bourdieu describes how these various capitals operate in the social  ¬Ã‚ elds of consumption. In Distinction, (Bourdieu, 1984) consumption practices and taste engender and maintain social relationships of dominance and submission (Campbell, 2005). Bourdieus views on taste and preferences are more complex than those of Veblens (Guimaras et all, 2010: 8). Despite bearing some similarities with Veblen (1899), Bourdieu built a broader and more complex theory secured with three primary concepts: habitus, capital, and field. The concept that Bourdieu proposed in order to connect his depiction of systemic structuration and his accounts of individual action is habitus (King, 2000). Thus, the habitus may be defined as the mental or cognitive structures through which people deal with the social world; a system of dispositions. The dispositions, produced by the habitus, are passed on through the generations, inculcated from an early age and socially reinforced through education and culture. Habitus refers, in Bourdieus own words, an acquired system of generative schemes objectively adjusted to the particular conditions in which it is constituted. In other words, habitus is thinking and acting in an innate way; is not a set of rules one consciously learns. Therefore, Bourdieu claims that habitus helps to transmit distinct culture of a class and reproduce that culture. It constitutes a component of a field of objective relations, which is independent of the individuals consciousness and will. The objectivity of fields is provided by the distribution of different species of power, which Bourdieu characterizes as economic, cultural, and social capital. Each field corresponds a tacit struggle over these resources. Fields determine relational positions which impose present and future situations on their more or less powerful occupants. A given population may occupy positions in multiple fields. Multiple fields may impose more or less consolidated relations of domination and subordination. (The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology, 2006). It reflects divisions in the class structure, age groups, genders and social classes. A habitus is required a long term occupation of a position within the social world. People who occupy the same position within the social world tend to have similar habitus. Habitus is both produced by the social life and also produces it. It is a structured structure; it involves both the internalization of external structures, and also the externalization of things internal to individual. It is because regularities are inherent in an arbitrary condition; tend to appear as necessary and natural. Bourdieu (1984: 170) states: The habitus is both the generative principle of objectively classifiable judgments and the system of classification (principium divisionis) of these practices. It is in the relationship between the two capacities which define the habitus, the capacity to produce classifiable practices and works, and the capacity to differentiate and appreciate these practices and products (taste), that the represented social world, i.e. the space of life styles, is constituted. Habitus is the way society becomes deposited in persons in the form of lasting dispositions, or trained capacities and structured propensities to think, feel and act in determinant ways, which then guide them (Wacquant, 2005: 316, cited in Navarro 2006: 16). In this sense, life styles are defined as the products of habitus and, perceived in their mutual relations to the systems of the habitus, they become sign systems which are socially considered such as distinguished, vulgar and alike (Bourdieu, 1984: 172). Habitus is not a direct reflection of the conditions of existence of a class, but a sensibility acquired through a life-time and an upbringing in those conditions and the possibilities they include or exclude. Different from Veblen, Bourdieu claims that people acquired a culture of habitus based on both economic and cultural capital instead of Veblens concept of emulation. Thus, whether a person actually has money, skills, education or family, in practice turns out to be secondary to the habitus they have acquired, which may be at odds with the life-style and attitudes, the way of using the body, command of language, friends and contacts, preferences in art and aspirations, etc., which are normally associated with those conditions. Action, in Bourdieus perspective, is a product of class dispositions intersecting with the dynamics and structures of particular fields (Swartz, 1997: 141). To have economic capital is not enough as it does in Veblen, in Bourdieus theory, you should also have the cultural capital for it. Bourdieu attempted to explain the relationship between peoples practices and the context that is institutions, values and rules, in which these practices occur. This attempt led him to the idea of the field, which is a series of contexts which constitute an objective hierarchy and which produce and authorize certain discourses and activities (Webb, 2002: 21-22). Bourdieu classifies two aspects of a field: first of all that people in a specific field have its specific dispositions imposed upon them; and secondly fields can be characterized as area of struggle through which agents and institutions seek to preserve or overturn the existing distribution of capital (Wacquant, 2008: 268). Through capital Bourdieu understands both the material things and the symbolic and culturally significant attributes such as prestige, honour and status, in other words anything that is considered by an agent valuable enough to attempt to obtain it. Bourdieus field theory describes the field as a domain where specific activities are produced. This is to say that each field entails a specific game and specific interests, which are not reducible to the interests and to the game of other fields. Thus, to enter a field is to accept the rules of the game and to share the fields main goals. The notion of field is even more powerful when equated with capitals and habitus. In other words, the habitus is strongly related to ones position in the social structure. Across different studies, Pierre Bourdieu has synthesized Weberian, Marxist, Durkheimian to argue for a theory of social status, and that for which is competition for various types of capital within social  ¬Ã‚ elds. With Weber, Bourdieu based his theory on the idea that culture is a field like the economic world, in which some actors compete to get various types of resources or capital. While in the economic level actors fight over economic capital, in cultural level they contend to apt cultural capital goods and practices that are socially defined as distinctive and hence let individuals an impression of superiority. But Bourdieu points out that the cultural struggle for distinction is connected to the economic distribution of material goods, which it both legitimates and reproduces. An individuals material conditions of subsistence, determined by her economic capital, establish a habitus o r set of dispositions, which in turn produces cultural tastes. Gartman (2002) claims that the right tastes make possible the accumulation of cultural capital, which makes the individual look distinctive and hence justifies the economic capital that determined her cultural tastes to begin with. Consequently, culture is closely related with the economy that Bourdieu considers society as a social field that is the intersection of the economic and cultural fields. The positions in the social field are classes, each defined by its relative balance of economic and cultural capital and its overall volume of the two kinds of capital combined (Bourdieu, 1984: 169-75). Taste is a component of the habitus, thus, given the relationship between tastes and social structure. Bourdieu examines the taste and life-style in relation to social classes and class fractions and he analyses the economic and social determinants of tastes (1984: 101). In this sense, taste is a marker of social class or of class position, because tastes place individuals in relation to other tastes which express social divisions. Such divisions also express social distinction and reflect the struggle for social distinction. Moreover, Taste is an acquired disposition to differentiate and appreciate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to establish and mark differences by a process of distinctionBourdieu (1984: 466). Taste is therefore a way of ensuring social recognition and status. Different from emulation, taste is, nonetheless, also linked to necessity. The existence of an upper class culture and upper class taste does not supersede lower class values and tastes. Instead, he argued that while material need is dominant to the definition of higher-class taste, lower-class taste is born because of necessity. This is to say that lower class taste has restrictions caused by material deprivation. Such restrictions have limited access to cultural objects and practices that are highly valued and constitute the very realm of upper-class taste. As such, Bourdieu stresses that taste is the practical affirmation of difference; it is materialized class culture that unites all those who are the product of similar conditions. What is more, Bourdieu observed that the rich justified and naturalized their economic advantage over others not only by pointing to their bank accounts, but by being the arbiters of taste.   Bourdieu shows us that taste is not stable and peaceful, b ut a means of strategy and competition. Discuss: Comparing Veblen and Bourdieu: When we examine the concept of conspicuous consumption, Veblen stresses the function of it as the status symbols in order to show off ones social standing in the society. He focused on upper and unproductive classes which are not directly involved in economic production activities. Thus, Veblen talked about valued practices of upper classes and emulation by the other classes. To spend lots of money on wasteful products is the result of the conspicuous consumption as being a member of the leisure class. On the other hand, Bourdieu discussed about not only conspicuous consumption but also all kind of consumption. As it is discussed above, according to him, both economic and cultural capitals reinforce the class positions. In that sense, tastes and practices are determined by the position of somebody in social structure. Tastes are related to ones habitus which is related with ones social class. Another issue related to both thinkers is the trickle down and trickle up effect. Trickle down effect is, in its simplest way, emulation of upper class culture or taste by lower class. For example, many lower class people in Turkey have the brand new model of cellular phones although their monthly salary does not afford this kind of consumption. On the other hand, tickle up effect means that there can also be impression from bottom to up. For example, some women from upper class started to wear yemeni or Ã…Å ¸alvar which are signs of lower class culture. However, in Veblen theory, leisure classes use consumption in order to distinguish themselves from both lower classes and new money people. In that sense, they have accumulated culture which upper class people inherent it from the family that they belong to as a way of distinction like taste in Bourdieus theory. Bourdieu claims that lower classes also have taste. However, this taste is different from the upper classes since lower class taste is born out of necessity. Because of this necessity, lower class people, for Bourdieu, do not pay attention some cultural practices such as going to opera or museum, buying books, etc. Different from Veblen wasteful conspicuous consumption, for Bourdieu, lower class people avoid consuming because of necessity. Moreover, as it is in the example of Yemeni, upper classes can move down to popular taste. Another point should be mentioned. In Bourdieus theory, upper classes try to maintain their status as a distinction from the tastes of lower classes. Thus, they turn the popular taste. The artist agrees with the bourgeois in one respect: he prefers naivety to pretentiousness. The essentialist merit of the common people is that they have none of the pretensions to art (or power) which inspire the ambitions of the petit bourgeois. Their indifference tacitly acknowledges the monopoly. That is why, in the mythology of artists and intellectuals, whose outflanking and double-negating strategies sometimes lead them back to popular tastes and opinions, the people so often play a role not unlike that of the peasantry in the conservative ideologies of the declining aristocracy. (Bourdieu, 1984: 62) Thus, in Bourdieu theory, there is a struggle for good taste and bad taste which make people distinct from each other through cultural consumption. In Veblens theory, emulation is the possession of the certain goods but does not lead them to have the knowledge of the goods such as a work of art. On the other hand, upper classes have developed this kind of knowledge. In that point, for Bourdieu, key concept is cultural capital. The positions of individuals in the field are determined by the amount of and relative weight of the capital they posses. Bourdieu discusses 4 types of capitals. Economic capital: the economic resources possessed by an actor. Cultural capital: the various kinds of legitimate knowledge possessed by an actor. Social capital: the extend of the valued social relations possessed by an actor. Symbolic capital: the amount of honor and prestige possessed by an actor. According to Trigg (2001), cultural capital is the accumulated knowledge which is learned trough education and social upbringing. Through the practical applications and implications of taste, people classify objects and also classify themselves. In this frame, culture is a kind of economy, a marketplace that utilizes cultural rather than economic capital. This capital is usually peoples social class origin and educational experience. Thus, cultural capital is correlated to high-status class positions and makes them distinct from other classes. Thus, distinction is a broader notion than Veblens conspicuous consumption. Consequently, instead of a single dominant upper class lifestyle that lower classes try to emulate, in Bourdieu we find different class tastes and lifestyles. To sum up, according to Bourdieu, different consumption practices and the taste behind of them make distinction among classes and create hierarchical social relations. On the other hand, Veblen pointed on wealth and emulation of wealth as a source of distinction. Bourdieu did not concern on wealth as much as Veblen. He emphasized on cultural capital. Veblen used wealth as a source of social stratification with the display of wealth. In Bourdieu, however, the competition for status takes place within the fields. Conclusion: In this paper, my main aim is to compare and contrast the theory of Veblen and Bourdieu by examining of their main concepts such as conspicuous consumption, leisure class, emulation, habitus, field, cultural capital and taste. In that sense, first of all, I discussed Veblens theory which he concerns that consumption is a way of displaying wealth. He uses conspicuous consumption as a way of stratification. He describes emulation to examine the stratification among upper classes and lower classes. Secondly, I try to examine Bourdieus theory by focusing on the book of Distinction. Different from Veblen, he deals with all kinds of consumption and does not focus on wealth as much as Veblen does. He emphasizes the concept of taste in different classes. He uses cultural capital to distinct different classes. Finally, in the last part, I compare both thinkers. Briefly, I found the following ones: When we examine the concept of conspicuous consumption, Veblen stresses the function of it as the status symbols in order to show off ones social standing in the society. Bourdieu discussed about not only conspicuous consumption but also all kind of consumption. In Veblen, emulation moves down words. In Bourdieu, taste moves up and down words. Veblen discussed that accumulated culture is a way of social prestige which distinct upper classes from lower classes and new money. In his theory, he focused on individuals who caused the distinction by conspicuous consumption and social hierarchy. In Bourdieus theory, consumption and taste are involved which they help the reproduction of class structure. Bourdieu studied beyond the individual and pointed out that the habitus creates the class position with the help of accumulated knowledge, aka cultural capital. Taste is a marker of social class in Bourdieu and not just of wealth as Veblen thought. Veblens focused on the significance of economic capital. On the other hand, Bourdieu highlighted on the cultural capital.